В статье представлен обзор современной англоязычной литературы по одной из наименее изученных проблем современной онкологии – первично-множественным злокачественным новообразованиям. Увеличение числа случаев первично-множественных злокачественных опухолей у пациентов после лучевой терапии и химиотерапии первой опухоли стало главной проблемой последнего десятилетия во всем мире. Лечение злокачественных новообразований становится все более агрессивным, результатом такой тактики лечения стало улучшение выживания больных. При этом проблема долгосрочных рисков от лучевой терапии, в том числе риск развития второй опухоли, становится все более важным. Несколько крупных исследований, результаты которых представлены в обзоре, свидетельствуют о заметном увеличении первично-множественных злокачественных новообразований в результате последовательного применения лучевой и химиотерапии или их сочетания. Целью обзора является представленная в англоязычной литературе оценка риска развития второй опухоли, индуцированной лучевой и (или) химиотерапией первой опухоли.
The article presents an overview of modern English literature, one of the least studied problems of modern oncology - primary multiple malignancies. Increased incidence of multiple primary tumors in patients after radiotherapy and chemotherapy of tumor was the first major challenge last decade worldwide. Treatment of malignant tumors is becoming more aggressive, the result of such a treatment strategy has been to improve the survival of patients. The problem of long-term risks of radiation therapy, including the risk of developing a second tumor, is becoming increasingly important. Several large studies, the results of which are presented in this review show a marked increase multiple primary malignant tumor a sequential application of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, or a combination thereof. The purpose of the review is presented in English literature assessing the risk of second tumors induced by radiation and (or) chemotherapy first tumor.
1. Academie Nationale de Medecine, Institut de France – Academie des Sciences (March 30, 2005) Joint Report no. 2. In: Tubiana M., Aurengo A., Averbeck D., Bonnin A., Le Guen B., Masse R., Monier R., Valleron A.J., de Vathaire F., editors. Dose-effect relationships and the estimation of the carcinogenic effects of low doses of ionizing radiation. (English Translation) (www.academiemedecine.fr/actualites/rapports.asp) (Paris Nucleon 2005) ISBN 2-84332-018-6.
2. Annual report of the Korea Central Cancer Registry. Seoul: Ministry of Health, Welfare, and Family Affairs, Korea Central Cancer Registry; 2008.
3. Athar B.S., Paganetti H. Comparison of second cancer risk due to out-of-field doses from 6-MV IMRT and proton therapy based on 6 pediatric patient treatment plans. // Radiother. Oncol. - 2011. - Vol. 98. - 87-92.
4. Bartkowiak D., Humble N., Suhr P., Hagg J., Mair K., Polivka B., Schneider U., Bottke D., Wiegel T. Second cancer after radiotherapy, 1981-2007 // Radiotherapy and Oncology. - 2012. - Vol. 105. - P. 122-126.
5. Berrington de Gonzalez A., Curtis R., Gilbert E. et al. Second solid cancers after radiotherapy for breast cancer in SEER cancer registries // Br. J. Cancer. - 2010. - Vol. 102. - P. 220–226.
6. Berrington de Gonzalez A., Curtis R.E., Kry S.F., Gilbert E., Lamart S., Berg Ch.D., Stovall M., Ron E. Proportion of second cancers attributable to radiotherapy treatment in adults: a cohort study in the US SEER cancer registries // Lancet Oncol. - 2011. - Vol. 12. - P. 353-360.
7. Bhatia S., Landier W. Evaluating survivors of pediatric cancer // Cancer J. - 2005. - Vol. 11. - P. 340-354.
8. Brown L.M., Chen B.E., Pfeiffer R.M. et al. Risk of second non-hematological malignancies among 376,825 breast cancer survivors. // Breast Cancer Res. Treat. - 2007. - Vol. 106. - P. 439-451.
9. Cancer facts and figures in Korea. Goyang, Korea: National Cancer Center. 2009.
10. Cardis E., Kesminienne A., Ivanov V. et al. Risk of thyroid cancer after exposure to I131 in childhood // J. Nat. Cancer Inst. - 2005. - Vol. 97. - P. 724-732.
11. Carnes B.A., Groer P.G., Kotec T.J. Radium dial workers: issues concerning dose response and modeling // Radiat. Res. - 1997. - Vol. 147. - P. 707-714.
12. Chaturvedi A.K., Engels E.A., Gilbert E.S. et al. Second cancers among 104,760 survivors of cervical cancer: evaluation of long-term risk // J. Natl. Cancer Inst. - 2007. - Vol. 99. - P. 1634-1643.
13. Clarke M., Collins R., Darby S. et al. Effects of radiotherapy and of differences in the extent of surgery for early breast cancer on local recurrence and 15-year survival: an overview of the randomised trials // Lancet. - 2005. - Vol. 366. - P. 2087-2106.
14. Darby S.C., McGale P., Taylor C.W., Peto R. Long-term mortality from heart disease and lung cancer after radiotherapy for early breast cancer: prospective cohort study of about 300,000 women in US SEER cancer registries // Lancet Oncol. - 2005. - Vol. 6. - P. 557-565.
15. de Vathaire F., Hawkins M., Campbell S. et al. Second malignant neoplasms after a first cancer in childhood: temporal pattern of risk according to type of treatment // Br. J. Cancer. - 1999. - Vol. 79. - P. 1884-1893.
16. de Vathaire F. Annexe 4: Les donnees epidemiologiques. In: Rapport conjoint no. 2 Academie Nationale de Medecine, Institut de France – Academie des Sciences (30 mars 2005) (M. Tubiana, A. Aurengo, D. Averbeck et al.) La relation dose-effet et l’estimation des effets cancerogenes des faibles doses de rayonnements ionisants (Edition Nucleon). - 2005. - P. 147-168.
17. Detours V., Delys L., Libert F. et al. Genome-wide gene expression profiling suggests distinct radiation susceptibilities in sporadic and post-Chernobyl papillary thyroid cancers // Br. J. Cancer. - 2007. - Vol. 97. - P. 818-825.
18. Diallo I., Lamon A., Shamsaldin A., Grimaud E., de Vathaire F., Chavaudra J. Estimation of the radiation dose delivered to any point outside the target volume per patient treated with external beam radiotherapy // Radiother. Oncol. - 1996. - Vol. 38. - P. 269-271.
19. Fraumeni J.F. Jr., Curtis R.E., Edwards B.K., Tucker M.A. Introduction. In: Curtis R.E., Freedman D.M., Ron E. et al., eds. New malignancies among cancer survivors: SEER cancer registries, 1973–2000. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute, 2006. - P. 1-7.
20. Guerin S., Guibout C., Shamsaldin A. et al. Concomitant chemo-radiotherapy and local dose of radiation as risk factors for second malignant neoplasms after solid cancer in childhood: a case-control study // Int. J. Cancer. - 2007. - Vol. 120. - P. 96-102.
21. Hodgson D.C., Gilbert E.S., Dores G.M. et al. Long-term solid cancer risk among 5-year survivors of Hodgkin’s lymphoma // J. Clin. Oncol. - 2007. - Vol. 25. - P. 1489-9.
22. Horner M.J., Ries LAG, Krapcho M., Neyman N., Aminou R., Howlader N. et al. SEER cancer statistics review, 1975–2006. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute; 2009.
23. Jemal A., Clegg L.X., Ward E., Ries L.A., Wu X., Jamison P.M. et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975–2001, with a special feature regarding survival. Cancer. - 2004. - Vol. 101. - P. 3-27.
24. Jenkinson H.C., Hawkins M.M., Stiller C.A. et al. Long-term population-based risks of second malignant neoplasms after childhood cancer in Britain // Br. J. Cancer. - 2004. - Vol. 91. - P. 1905-1910.
25. Koh E.J., Tran T.H., Heydarian M. et al. A comparison of mantle versus involvedfield radiotherapy for Hodgkin’s lymphoma: reduction in normal tissue dose and second cancer risk // Radiation. Oncol. - 2007. - Vol. 2. - P. 13.
26. Lawrence T.S., Ten Haken R.K., Giaccia A. Principles of radiation oncology // DeVita V.T. Jr., Lawrence T.S., Rosenberg S.A., eds. Cancer: principles and practice of oncology, 8th edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2008.
27. Le Pogam M.A., Rubino C., Diallo I. et al. Radiation dose fractionation and second cancer risks after breast cancer treatment // Rad. Prot. Dosimetry, in press.
28. Liauw S.L., Sylvester J.E., Morris C.G. et al. Second malignancies after prostate brachytherapy: incidence of bladder and colorectal cancers in patients with 15 years of potential follow-up // Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. - 2006. - Vol. 66. - P. 669-673.
29. Lonn S., Gilbert E.S., Ron E., Smith S.A., Stovall M., Curtis R.E. Comparison of second cancer risks from brachytherapy and external beam therapy after uterine corpus cancer // Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. - 2010. - Vol. 9. - P. 464-474.
30. M’Kacher R., Bennaceur-Griscelli A., Girinsky T. et al. Telomere shortening and associated chromosomal instability in peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with Hodgkin’s lymphoma prior to any treatment and predictive of second cancers // Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. - 2007. - Vol. 68. - P. 465-471.
31. Mandel J.S., Bond J.H., Church T.R., Snover D.C., Bradley G.M., Schuman L.M. et al. Reducing mortality from colorectal cancer by screening for fecal occult blood. Minnesota colon cancer control study // N. Engl. J. Med. - 1993. - Vol. 328. - P. 1365-1371.
32. Monier R., Tubiana M. Cancerogenese: accroissement des connaissances et evolution des concepts // Oncologie. - 2008. - Vol. 10. - P. 319-347.
33. Neglia J.P., Friedman D.L., Yasui Y. et al. Second malignant neoplasms in fiveyear survivors of childhood cancer: Childhood cancer survivor study // J. Natl. Cancer Inst. - 2001. - Vol. 93. - P. 618-629.
34. Neglia J.P., Robison L.L., Stovall M. et al. New primary neoplasms of the central nervous system in survivors of childhood cancers. A report from the childhood cancer survivor study // J. Natl. Cancer Inst. - 2006. - Vol. 98. - P. 1528-1537.
35. Rothkamm K., Lobrich M. Evidence for a lack of DNA double-strand break repair in human cells exposed to very low X-ray doses // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. - 2003. - Vol. 100. - P. 5057-5062.
36. Roychoudhuri R., Evans H., Robinson D., Moller H. Radiation-induced malignancies following radiotherapy for breast cancer // Brit. J. Cancer. - 2004. - Vol. 91. - P. 568-572.
37. Schneider A.B., Sarne D.H. Long-term risks for thyroid cancer and other neoplasms after exposure to radiation // Nat. Clin. Pract. Endocrinol. Metab. - 2005. - Vol. 1. - P. 82-91.
38. Scott B. Risk of thyroid cancer after exposure to 131I in childhood. Response Cardis E., Kesminienne A. // J. Nat. Cancer. Inst. - 2006. - Vol. 98. - P. 561.
39. Shapiro S., Strax P., Venet L. Periodic breast cancer screening in reducing mortality from breast cancer // J. Amer. Med. Assoc. - 1971. - Vol. 215. - P. 1777-1785.
40. Shin D.W., Baik Y.Ji., Kim Y.W., Oh J.H., Chung Ki-W., Kim S.W., Lee W.-Ch., Yun Y.H., Cho J. Knowledge, attitudes, and practice on second primary cancer screening among cancer survivors: A qualitative study // Patient Education and Counseling. - 2011. - Vol. 85. - P. 74-78.
41. Timonen S., Pyorala T. Cervical cancer, mass screening, incidence and mortality in Finland // Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. Suppl. - 1977. - Vol. 67. - P. 13-19.
42. Tubiana M., Henry-Amar M., Hayat M. et al. Long-term results of the EORTC randomized study of irradiation and vinblastine in clinical stages I and II of Hodgkin’s disease // Eur. J. Cancer. - 1979. - Vol. 15. - P. 645-657.
43. Tubiana M., editor. Radiobiologie. Hermann / Medecine: Paris; 2008. - 502 pages.
44. Tubiana M. Can we reduce the incidence of second primary malignancies occurring after radiotherapy? A critical review // Radiotherapy and Oncology. - 2009. - Vol. 91. - P. 4-15.
45. Van Kaick G., Dalheimer A., Hornik S. et al. The German thorostrast study: recent results and assessment of risks // Radiat. Res. - 1999. - Vol. 152. - P. 64-67.
46. Weir H.K., Thun M.J., Hankey B.F., Ries L.A., Howe H.L., Wingo P.A. et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975–2000, featuring the uses of surveillance data for cancer prevention and control // J. Natl. Cancer. Inst. - 2003. - Vol. 95. - P. 1276-1299.
47. Xu X.G., Bednarz B., Paganetti H. A review of dosimetry studies on externalbeam radiation treatment with respect to second cancer induction // Phys. Med. Biol. - 2008. - Vol. 53. - R. 193-241.
48. Yabroff K.R., Lawrence W.F., Clauser S., Davis W.W., Brown M.L. Burden of illness in cancer survivors: findings from a population-based national sample // J. Natl. Cancer Inst. - 2004. - Vol. 96. - P. 1322-1330.
49. Zablotska L., Neugut A. Lung carcinoma after radiation therapy in women treated with lumpectomy or mastectomy for primary breast carcinoma // Cancer. - 2003. - Vol. 97. - P. 1404-1411.